Psychology is still one of the most mysterious disciplines of medical science. By the way, she is often confused with her younger sister - psychiatry. This is not true, because psychiatry is a practical, therapeutic discipline.
Psychologists are engaged in this science. One can argue about which of them made a greater or lesser contribution precisely to science. But fame is not limited to scientific awards.
Let's get acquainted with the life and features of the work of the most famous psychologists of Russia and the world.
10. Vladimir L. Levy
In 1938, a son was born into a family of engineers (father of a metallurgist, mother of a chemist), who was to violate the emerging dynasty and become a luminary of medical science - as well as a member of the Writers' Union!
Vladimir Lvovich Levy worked as a psychiatrist at Kashchenko Hospital; Researcher at the Institute of Psychiatry. Among other things, he made an important contribution to the creation of a “helpline”.
He attaches great importance to the promotion of scientific knowledge and the dissemination of advanced ideas. Back in 1967, his debut work, The Hunt for Thought: Notes by a Psychiatrist, became widely known.
In total, Vladimir Lvovich published more than 30 popular science publications. But writer's talent was not limited to prose - he wrote (and continues to write) poetry. In 2000, his poetry was published by the crossed out profile.
9. Lev Semenovich Vygotsky
"Founder of the Marxist tradition of the study of the psyche" now sounds, at least, doubtful. But from a scientific point of view, this is a completely correct definition. After all, Marxism is not only (and not so much) a political trend, but a complex of scientific approaches and traditions in the knowledge of the world.
Lev Semenovich Vygodsky Born in Russia (1896), he lived and worked all his life in the USSR. The heyday of his scientific career fell on a difficult period in the formation of Soviet power.
In scientific activity, shocks also occurred related to the search for a new, “Soviet” scientific methodology. Vygodsky managed to show that following “new methods” is not only possible, but also leads to a rethinking of science and new scientific discoveries.
In particular, his research convincingly showed that the direct following in the study of the psychology of a child to the direct and narrow views of the then fashionable Freud is inferior and leads psychology to a standstill. And this approach is reflected in all his works - the most famous of which “Thinking and Speech”; "Psychology of art"; "The problem of the cultural development of the child".
8. Dale Carnegie
It can hardly be called Dale Carnegie "Psychologist" or "psychiatrist." Nevertheless, we all know his works. “How to win friends and influence people”; "How to stop worrying and start living". But this is only the peak of his work accessible to the public.
Born in 1888 in a poor American family, Dale Carnegie from early childhood learned the hardships of farm life. But he was always attracted by pedagogy and oratory.
Having early engaged in petty trade, Dale was able to accumulate enough money to completely devote himself to his favorite business - teaching.
Actually, his numerous works are devoted, first of all, to the art of finding contact with a diverse and not always gullible audience.
7. Alois Alzheimer
Probably the term "Alzheimer's disease" everyone is hearing. The name of the famous neurologist and psychiatrist born in 1864 in Germany is immortalized in a dozen other symptoms and pathologies of the nervous system. But this is his celebrity "For the general public".
Alois Alzheimer All his life he was engaged in research and scientific activity. He combined numerous scientific publications into a fundamental multivolume "Histological and histopathological studies of the gray matter of the brain".
But a significant part of creativity remains accessible only to the mind of a specialist in the form of publications in specialized literature.
6. Ernst Heinrich Weber
Born in Germany (1795), Ernst Heinrich Weber not quite a "psychiatrist." His main research interests were comparative anatomy and microscopic studies.
Most of his scientific works are known as publications in specialized journals - and they have greatly advanced science.
However, his studies of the senses led to the development of the science of “psychophysiology”. In the office of every neurologist there "Weber compass", allowing to measure skin sensitivity.
"The Law of Weber - Fechner" became so common that this term is often used without even knowing what it means. And he connects psychic sensations with the actual force of external influence - and this has become the basis of "practical psychophysics."
5. Melanie Klein
"Child Psychoanalysis", "Game Therapy" - entirely merit Melanie Klein. Born in Austria (1882), known to the world as a British psychologist.
Melanie's personal life was not going too smoothly. Her family life did not work out - relations with children constantly led to quarrels.
Moreover, her daughter (also a well-known psychoanalyst) claims that the eldest of the sons committed suicide after one of the scandals.
It was probably this tragedy that prompted Melanie to psychoanalysis as a science. Already having her medical practice, she was impressed with her acquaintance with Freud.
Published in 1919 “The influence of sexual education and rejection of authority on the intellectual development of the child” completely based on Freud's ideas and personal family observations.
Later “Development of one child”; "Children's psychoanalysis"; "Envy and gratitude" became classic classic pieces.
4. Adler Alfred
First of all Adler Alfred (born in 1870 in Austria) is known as the founder "Individual psychology".
Being at first an ardent admirer and supporter of Sigmund Freud, in 1907 Adler managed to quarrel with a recognized maestro of psychology.
In his book "The study of organ inferiority" Adler convincingly defended his views that the psyche is determined not only by childish sexuality, but should be studied in conjunction with these circumstances.
Book published in 1912 "About the nervous character" it fully reveals the basics of what was later called "individual psychology." His subsequent works only more fully reveal these views and are aimed at popularizing them among the masses.
Translations of works are quite accessible to the domestic reader “The science of living”; “Individual psychology as a way to knowledge and self-knowledge of a person”; "Technique of treatment".
3. Victor Emil Frankl
Born in Austria (1905) Victor Emil Frankl from the very beginning he planned to devote himself to psychology and psychiatry. While still a student, Frankl paid close attention to psychological assistance in crisis situations. By the mid-20s, this problem was more urgent than ever in Austria and Germany, which are experiencing a stage of deep economic decline.
He happened to be in a more difficult situation - in 1942 the whole Frankl family was arrested and sent to a concentration camp. And here his abilities were very welcome. Together with other prisoners, he helped people overcome horror and despair.
After his release in 1945, Victor Frankl outlined his views on psychological crisis assistance in a book "Say YES to life." Psychologist in a concentration camp ". And this work immediately made him world famous.
2. Abraham Harold Maslow
Many prominent scientists came from completely “mundane” families of artisans or merchants. So in 1908 he was born into a modest American family of coopers Abraham Harold Maslow. By the middle of the 20th century, his research in the field of psychology would shock not only medicine, but also the economy.
The first scientific work of a talented young man immediately opened the doors of the best laboratories to him. But she had little relation to man - "The relationship of sexuality and social behavior in primates " was biological work.
Apparently, the difficulties of living in a poor family of emigrants and their own life difficulties drew the attention of a young scientist towards psychiatry - and, at the same time, economics!
Today, the principle of the interconnection of needs, social circumstances and behavior is known even to schoolchildren as The Maslow Pyramid.
1. Sigmund Freud
Born in 1856 in Austria, Sigmund Freud primarily known to the general public as the author of acclaimed scientific works. Not only specialists, but also the public are well aware of his early work "Interpretation of Dreams." "Psychopathology of everyday life" with cold clarity makes you think about the usual problems.
Perhaps the success of National Socialism as a social movement was greatly influenced by the book. "Psychology of the masses and analysis of the human" I "".
Much more important is not the scandalous nature of his literary works, but shocking scientific ideas. For specialists (psychologists and psychiatrists), a model of the psyche proposed by him was a real breakthrough in the science of human cognition "It is I - the Super-Self".
To the public, the connection of the psyche with sexuality proposed by Freud (and scientifically grounded) seemed terrible to the public. Up to the fact that the very mention of such a connection is called "Freudianism".